Use of Alternative or Herbal Medications People who have lived in poverty, or come from places where medical treatment is difficult to get, will often come to the doctor only after trying many traditional or home treatments. Usually patients are very willing to share what has been used if asked in an accepting, non-judgmental way. This information is important for the accuracy of the clinical assessment. Many of these treatments are effective for treating the symptoms of illnesses. However, some patients may not be aware of the difference between treating symptoms and treating the disease. Some treatments and “medicines” that are considered “folk” medicine or “herbal” medications in the United States are part of standard medical care in other countries. Asking about the use of medicines that are “hard to find” or that are purchased “at special stores” may get you a more accurate understanding of what people are using than asking about “alternative,” “ traditional,” “folk,” or “herbal” medicine. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Preferred and acceptable ages for a first pregnancy vary from culture to culture. Latinos are more accepting of teen pregnancy; in fact it is quite common in many of the countries of origin. Russians tend to prefer to have children when they are older. It is important to understand the cultural context of any particular pregnancy. Determine the level of social support for the pregnant women, which may not be a function of age. Acceptance of pregnancy outside of marriage also varies from culture to culture and from family to family. In many Asian cultures there is often a profound stigma associated with pregnancy outside of marriage. However, it is important to avoid making assumptions about how welcome any pregnancy may be. Some Vietnamese and Latino women believe that colostrum is not good for a baby. An explanation from the doctor about why the milk changes can be the best tool to counter any negative traditional beliefs. The belief that breastfeeding works as a form of birth control is very strongly held by many new immigrants. It is important to explain to them that breastfeeding does not work as well for birth control if the mother gets plenty of good food, as they are more able to do here than in other parts of the world. Weight In many poor countries, and among people who come from them, “chubby” children are viewed as healthy children because historically they have been better able to survive childhood diseases. Remind parents that sanitary conditions and medical treatment here protect children better than extra weight. In many of the countries that immigrants come from, weight is seen as a sign of wealth and prosperity. It has the same cultural value as extreme thinness has in our culture – treat it as a cultural as well as a medical issue for better success. Infant Health It is very important to avoid making too many positive comments about a baby’s general health. > Among traditional Hmong, saying a baby is “pretty” or “cute” may be seen as a threat because of fears that spirits will be attracted to the child and take it away > Some traditional Latinos will avoid praise to avoid attracting the “evil eye” > Some Vietnamese consider profuse praise as mockery It is often better to focus on the quality of the mother’s care – “the baby looks like you take care of him well.” Talking about a new baby is an excellent time to introduce the idea that preventive medicine should be a regular part of the new child’s experience. Well-baby visits may be an entirely new concept to some new mothers from other countries. Protective immunizations are often the most accepted form of preventive medicine. It may be helpful to explain well-baby visits and check-ups as a kind of extension of the immunization process. Substance Abuse When asking question regarding issues of substance (or physical) abuse, concerns about family honor and privacy may come into play. For example, in Vietnamese and Chinese cultures family loyalty, hierarchy, and filial piety are of the utmost importance and may therefore have a direct effect on how a patient responds to questioning, especially if family members are in the same room. Separating family members, even if there is some resistance to the idea, may be the only way to accurately assess some of these problems. Gender roles are often expressed in the use or avoidance of many substances, especially alcohol and cigarettes. When discussing and treating these issues the social component of the abuse needs to be considered in the context of the patient’s culture. Alcohol is considered part of the meal in many societies, and should be discussed together with eating and other dietary issues. Physical Abuse Ideas about acceptable forms of discipline vary from culture to culture. In particular, various forms of corporal punishment are accepted in many places. Emphasis must be placed on what is acceptable here, and what may cause physical harm. Women may have been raised with different standards of personal control and autonomy than we expect in the United States. They may be accepting physical abuse not because of feelings of low self-esteem, but because it is socially accepted among their peers, or because they have nobody they can go to with their concerns. It is important to treat these cases as social rather than psychological problems. Immigrants learn quickly that abuse is reported and will lead to intervention by police and social workers. Even victims may not trust doctors, social workers, or police. It may take time and repeated visits to win the trust of patients. Remind patients that they do not have to answer questions (silence may tell you more than misleading answers). Using depersonalized conversational methods will increase success in reaching reluctant patients. Families may have members with conflicting values and rules for acceptable behavior that may result in conflicting reports about suspected physical abuse. This does not necessarily mean that anyone is being deceptive, just seeing things differently. This may cause special difficulties for teens who may have adopted new cultural values common to Western society, but must live in families that have different standards and behaviors. Behavioral indicators of abuse are different in different cultures. Many people are not very emotionally and physically expressive of physical and mental pain. Learn about the cultural norms of your patient populations to avoid overlooking or misinterpreting unknown signs of trauma. Do not confuse physical evidence of traditional treatments with physical abuse. Acceptable traditional treatments, such as coin rubbing or cupping, may leave marks on the skin, which look like physical abuse. Always consider this possibility if you know the family uses traditional home remedies. Communicating with the Elderly Always address older patients using formal terms of address unless you are directly told that you may use personal names. Also remind staff that they should do the same. Stay aware of how the physical setting may be affecting the patient. Background noise, glaring or reflecting light, and small print forms are examples of things that may interfere with communication. The patients may not say anything, or even be aware that something physical is interfering with their understanding. Stay aware that many people believe that giving a patient a terminal prognosis is unlucky or will bring death sooner and families may not want the patient to know exactly what is expected to happen. If the family has strong beliefs along these lines the patient probably shares them. Follow ethical and legal requirements, but stay cognizant of the patient’s cultural perspective. Offer the opportunity to learn the truth, at whatever level of detail desired by the patient. It is important to explain the specific needs for having an advance directive before talking about the treatment choices and instructions. This will help alleviate concerns that an advance directive is for the benefit of the medical staff rather than the patient. Elderly, low-literacy patients may be very skilled at disguising their lack of reading skills and may feel stigmatized by their inability to read. If you suspect this is the case you should not draw attention to this issue but seek out other methods of communication.

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Cultural Background

Promoting Cultural and Linguistic Responsiveness